Every four years, the United States holds an election for the president in November. This lesson aims to help teachers and learners understand the political processes and expressions used during the election campaign.
The political parties
Let us begin with the expression, political party. In elections, parties organize candidates who share party members’ ideas about how government should operate. They try to win elections to gain and keep political power.
There are two major political parties in the U.S. They are the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. There are other small political parties at the national level. These include the Libertarian and Green parties.
Primaries and caucuses
Each of the U.S. states and territories holds votes early in the election year. In many states and territories, these votes are called primaries. You may know the word “primary” as an adjective meaning “happening or coming first” as in “primary school.” When speaking of elections, it is a noun, but it has a similar meaning – it is the first election in a voting process that takes place over one year.
You might also hear the term caucus. A caucus is also a kind of election, but it is held privately by the party and usually does not involve state election officials or equipment. The Iowa caucus was for a long time the first presidential contest during an election year.
In a primary or a caucus, voters choose the party’s candidates for local and state offices as well as for national offices. The candidates who get the most votes become the candidates for the election in the fall.
Primaries can be “open” or “closed.” Anyone can take part in an open primary election — even members of another party. Only registered party members can vote in a closed primary.
Delegates
In some states, voters choose delegates in the primaries. State party organizations have different rules for choosing them. Delegates are people who will attend their party’s convention, or general meeting.
When a delegate is elected to choose a particular candidate, we say the delegate is pledged to the candidate. To pledge is to promise something.
Conventions
Each party holds a national convention – a large meeting where the delegates officially nominate the candidate that the party supports for the presidential election. The verb “nominate” means to officially choose someone as a candidate for a position. You will hear some other forms of the word in election news.
Nomination
To describe the process of having the delegates choose a candidate, we use the noun form, “nomination.” At the convention, the candidate who gains the majority of delegates is called the “nominee.” The nominee gives a speech to accept the nomination.
The party platform
The party platform is a statement of the ideology of the party and its candidate. At the party convention, the organizing committee shares its platform. The platform is a statement of the policies that the party hopes to put in place during its candidate’s term in office.
The campaign trail
Presidential candidates travel the country speaking to voters at a series of events called rallies. Reporters use the expression “campaign trail” to describe these events. This is a metaphor for progressing along a path toward a goal. The election campaign is sometimes called a “race,” another metaphor comparing the election campaign to a sporting competition.
Debates
Part of the campaign process is for the candidates to debate each other. These are televised events where a reporter asks questions that interest the public and gives each candidate a limited time to answer them. The form of the political debates is not the same as traditional academic debates, where teams compete under clear rules and time limits.
Donors
Presidential candidates and others who run for public office must find money to pay for those rallies, television advertising, and campaign workers. A common way to pay for a campaign is to ask for money. People who give to a candidate are donors. The Federal Election Commission makes rules about how much, when, and how donations can be made.
Polls and the Polls
Researchers get the opinions of voters in an effort to guess, or predict, the results of an upcoming election. They do this with polls, or public opinion studies. This word has two meanings in the elections. One is where a researcher might ask you about your party affiliation and which candidate you plan to support in a telephone call. Your party affiliation is the party you are registered with or that you support.
The other meaning of “poll” is the place where you go to vote on election day. We can also use “polling place.” Schools, religious centers and public buildings can be polling places. In them, voters cast their ballot secretly. That means they fill out their ballot without pressure from others in the room and turn in their ballot to be counted by poll workers.
In the last two election years of 2020 and 2022, people could send in their ballots by mail. But polling places remain important for processing and counting ballots.
Privacy and politics
Now that you have some of the expressions used to talk about the presidential campaign, you should use them with some care. It is not normal to ask someone what party he or she is a member of although many people will offer that information freely.
In some situations, such as among close friends, you will hear Americans talk about the candidates and voice their opinions openly. But when talking with a new acquaintance or a stranger, it is best to avoid asking about political affiliation.
Also, know that some workplaces have rules against political activity, and, in government, most political activity is not legal although people often share their opinions.
I’m Jill Robbins. And I’m Andrew Smith.
Jill Robbins wrote this lesson for VOA Learning English.
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Words in This Story
primary – n. an election in which members of the same political party run against each other for the chance to be in the general election
caucus –n. a political party meeting used to decide candidates and often delegates that is private and only open to party members
pledge – v. to formally promise to give or do (something)
platform – n. the official beliefs and goals of a political party
sustainable – adj. involving methods that do not completely use up or destroy natural resources
rally – n. a public meeting to support or oppose someone or something
metaphor –n. a word or term that means one thing that is used to represent a different thing usually because of a similarity
academic –adj. related to school or schooling
poll – n. an activity in which several or many people are asked a question or a series of questions to provide information about what people think about something; a place for voting
affiliation – n. the state of belonging to a particular religious or political group
cast – v. to formally make (a vote)
acquaintance – n. someone who is known but who is not a close friend
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